Marie-Madeleine Pioche de La Vergne begins her life in Paris in 1634. Her father is an equerry and is a member of the entourage of Cardinal Richelieu. Her mother, daughter of one of the king’s doctors is in the service of Mme de Combalet, niece of the Cardinal. The future Mme de La Fayette is from the lesser nobility but her learning, her beauty and the wealth of her family quickly open up for her the Parisian salons.
Her father dies when she is only fifteen. In the following year, her mother is remarried to the Chevalier Renaud de Sévigné, the uncle of the Marquise de Sévigné. The latter becomes the intimate friend of Marie-Madeleine. They will remain friends all their lives.
At sixteen years of age, Marie-Madeleine is frequenting the salons of Mlle de Scudéry and the Hôtel de Rambouillet. She becomes maid of honour to Anne of Austria, the Queen Mother, who was regent until Louis XIV was old enough to rule. Marie-Madeleine finds herself in the midst of the intrigues of court.
Five years later, in 1655, she marries the Comte de La Fayette, the brother of one of the favourites of Louis XIII, a retired officer, 38 years old, a widower, from a great noble line but without any money. This marriage of convenience (he is 17 years older) affords Marie-Madeleine a life loveless but tragedy free. The couple will adopt a way of life satisfactory to them both; she will frequent the Paris salons, whilst the Count will stay on his estates in the Auvergne. Mme de La Fayette sets herself up in her prestigious mansion on the Rue Vaugirard and opens her own salon there. Her closest friends are her cousin, Mme de Sévigné and Henrietta of England, sister in law to the King.
In 1660, Mme de La Fayette forms a relationship with the Duke of La Rochefoucauld. Their friendship will last up to his death in 1680. Thanks to La Rochefoucauld, Mme de La Fayette, who loves books and is well read, meets Racine, Corneille in his old age, and many other authors.
La Rochefoucauld and several of her friends persuade her to write and collaborate with her. She refuses to sign under her own name or take a pseudonym. She publishes therefore her works anonymously or chooses the name of a friend (notably Segrais, member of the French Academy). As early as 1662, she publishes a historical short story: La Princesse de Montpensier, then Zaïde, a book in two volumes that becomes a great success.
In 1678, la Princesse de Clèves appears. It is an immense success. As indicates Henriette Levillain : « The book goes well beyond the boundaries of the salons of high society and is becoming a subject of general conversation and an endless subject of debate., notably because of the scene of the confession by Mme de Clèves to her husband of her love for the Duke of Nemours, listened to by the latter in hiding.”
Two years after the appearance of la Princesse de Clèves, in 1680, La Rochefoucauld dies. This loss leaves Mme de La Fayette inconsolable. Mme de Sévigné is to confide ; « I believe that no love can surpass such a relationship »
Three years later it is the death of her husband, the Comte de La Fayette. Mme de La Fayetteretires to devote herself to religion. She dies in 1693.